Lumbar interbody fusion (IF) is a common procedure to obtain fusion of the spine by replacement of the intervertebral disc with a cage. Optimization of spinal cages is ongoing to reduce complications such as a pseudoarthrosis and subsidence of the cage. IF animal models (primate. dog. https://www.roneverhart.com/Ferrofish-A32pro-32-Channel-AD-DA-Converter-with-MADI-and-ADAT-p18115/